Some anesthesiologists, therefore, may consider Guedel’s work to be obsolete. ![]() In addition, modern monitors of respiration, circulation, and consciousness add to the clinical information provided by physical examination of the patient. These drugs also have a greater safety profile compared to diethyl ether. Today, “balanced anesthesia” uses multiple classes of drugs (intravenous anesthetics, opioids, neuromuscular blocking agents, and benzodiazepines) for induction that can easily mask the classical clinical signs of each Guedel stage of anesthesia. Ether has not been used in the United States since the early 1980s. It provided amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Although patients were commonly premedicated with atropine and morphine, ether was the only induction agent available at the time. The Guedel classification for the stages of general anesthesia is based on the administration of a sole volatile anesthetic: diethyl ether.
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